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Challenges

Produced Water is the primary waste
generated by the fluid hydrocarbon industry.
In later stages of the oil and gas extraction the
volumetric water-to-oil ratio approaches 50:1.
Additionally, during refining processes the last
traces of water are removed from the oil and
dumped. All this produced water consists of
high proportions of                                
different contaminants                                  
and so no further usage                                 
seems to be possible.